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Nazi minister of propaganda Joseph Goebbels delivers a speech to his deputies for the press and arts. Berlin, Germany, November 1936.
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German students gather around books they regard as "un-German." The books will be publically burned at Berlin's Opernplatz. Berlin, Germany, May 10, 1933.
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Across Germany, students took books by truck, furniture van, even oxcart, and heaped them into pyres on public squares. This image shows members of the SA and students from the University of Frankfurt with oxen pulling manure carts loaded with books deemed "un-German." Frankfurt am Main, Germany, May 10, 1933.
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Crowds gather at Berlin's Opernplatz for the burning of books deemed "un-German." Berlin, Germany, May 10, 1933.
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Book burning in Berlin. Germany, May 10, 1933.
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Public burning of "un-German" books in the Opernplatz. Berlin, Germany, May 10, 1933.
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At Berlin's Opernplatz, crowds of German students and members of the SA gather for the burning of books deemed "un-German." Berlin, Germany, May 10, 1933.
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Russian-born Jewish artist Marc Chagall with his daughter, Ida. The Nazis declared Chagall's work "degenerate." After the fall of France, where he had been living, Chagall fled to the United States. United States, 1942.
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Georg Grosz, a Communist satirical artist and painter, seen here in his studio in Berlin. He fled Germany shortly before the Nazi rise to power in 1933 and was one of the first to be stripped of his German citizenship by the Nazis. Berlin, Germany, 1929.
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Portrait of Leni Riefenstahl.
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Display from "Der ewige Jude" (The Eternal Jew), a Nazi antisemitic exhibit which claimed that Jews heavily dominated the German performing arts. A phrase at the top of the display states "Shameless Entertainment." Berlin, Germany, November 11, 1938.