• "The hunger in the ghetto was so great, was so bad, that people were laying on the streets and dying."

• 

  Channa Morgensztern

  Born ca. 1896
  Kaluszyn, Poland

  ID Card

• 

  Nanny Gottschalk Lewin

  Born March 13, 1888
  Schlawe, Germany

  ID Card

• 

  Charlene Schiff

  Born 1929
  Horochow, Poland

  Describes conditions in the Horochow ghetto
  Oral History

• 

  Henny Fletcher Aronsen

  Born 1924
  Kovno, Lithuania

  Describes living conditions in the Kovno ghetto
  Oral History

• 

  Abraham Lewent

  Born 1924
  Warsaw, Poland

  Describes conditions in the Warsaw ghetto
  Oral History

• 

  Beno Helmer

  Born 1923
  Teplice-Sanov, Czechoslovakia

  Describes conditions in the Lodz ghetto
  Oral History

Copyright © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC

• "And then we were being marched down the streets where there was the small ghetto."

• 

  Emanuel Tanay

  Born 1928
  Wilno, Poland

  Describes the establishment of the Miechow ghetto
  Oral History

• 

  Nina Kaleska

  Born 1929
  Grodno, Poland

  Describes formation of the ghettos in Grodno
  Oral History

• 

  Rochelle Blackman Slivka

  Born 1922
  Vilna, Poland

  Describes the formation of the Vilna ghetto
  Oral History

• 

  Nesse Galperin Godin

  Born 1928
  Siauliai, Lithuania

  Describes the formation of the Siauliai ghetto
  Oral History

• 

  Madeline Deutsch

  Born 1930
  Berehovo (Beregszasz), Czechoslovakia

  Describes ghettoization in Hungary
  Oral History

Copyright © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC

• "Fifteen thousand of our people were massacred in that particular day."

• 

  Else Rosenberg

  Born February 21, 1891
  Hamburg, Germany

  ID Card

• 

  Moishe Menyuk

  Born 1896
  Komarovo, Poland

  ID Card

• 

  Chaia Gurvitz

  Born ca. 1876
  Lithuania

  ID Card

• 

  Pola Nussbaum

  Born September 1922
  Raczki, Poland

  ID Card

• 

  Steven Springfield

  Born 1923
  Riga, Latvia

  Describes massacre in the Rumbula forest near Riga, Latvia
  Oral History

• 

  Abraham Malnik

  Born 1927
  Kovno, Lithuania

  Describes massacre in Kovno's Ninth Fort, near the Kovno ghetto
  Oral History

• 

  Frima L.

  Born 1936
  Volochisk, Soviet Union

  Describes roundup of Jews for mobile killing unit (Einsatzgruppen) massacre
  Oral History

Copyright © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC

• "Empty streets, open windows, flowing curtains blowing with the wind. No people."

• 

  Chaia Gurvitz

  Born ca. 1876
  Lithuania

  ID Card

• 

  Kathe Ert Reichstein

  Born June 7, 1882
  Hanover, Germany

  ID Card

• 

  Cecilie Klein-Pollack

  Born 1925
  Korosmezo, Czechoslovakia

  Describes deportation from Huszt
  Oral History

• 

  Blanka Rothschild

  Born 1922
  Lodz, Poland

  Describes deportations from the Lodz ghetto
  Oral History

• 

  Fritz Alexander Rosenberg

  Born February 18, 1881
  Goettingen, Germany

  ID Card

Copyright © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC

• "The entire sky of Warsaw was red. Completely red."

• 

  Leah Hammerstein Silverstein

  Born 1924
  Praga, Poland

  Describes bombings in Praga and Warsaw after the outbreak of World War II
  Oral History

• 

  Benjamin (Ben) Meed

  Born Warsaw, Poland

  Describes Warsaw shortly after the German occupation in 1939, and his first experience of antisemitism
  Oral History

• 

  Abraham Lewent

  Born 1924
  Warsaw, Poland

  Describes food shortages after the invasion of Warsaw
  Oral History

• 

  Norbert I. Swislocki

  Born 1936
  Warsaw, Poland

  Describes fleeing from Warsaw with his mother
  Oral History

• 

  Leah Hammerstein Silverstein

  Born 1924
  Praga, Poland

  Describes starvation in the Warsaw ghetto
  Oral History

• 

  Vladka (Fagele) Peltel Meed

  Born 1921
  Warsaw, Poland

  Describes smuggling activities in the Warsaw ghetto
  Oral History

• 

  Vladka (Fagele) Peltel Meed

  Born 1921
  Warsaw, Poland

  Describes her reaction to the burning of the Warsaw ghetto as she watched from a building outside the ghetto
  Oral History

• 

  Benjamin (Ben) Meed

  Born Warsaw, Poland

  Describes the burning of the Warsaw ghetto during the 1943 ghetto uprising
  Oral History

• 

  Vladka (Fagele) Peltel Meed

  Born 1921
  Warsaw, Poland

  Describes reactions after the Warsaw ghetto uprising
  Oral History

Copyright © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC