Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini (center) with his top aides. Italy, 1920s. Photograph »

Thousands gather at the Roman Forum to listen to a speech by Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini. Rome, Italy, April 12, 1934. Photograph »

Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler stand together on an reviewing stand during a official visit to occupied Yugoslavia, 1941-1943. Photograph »

A gathering of Jewish youth from Rhodes. Rhodes, between 1940 and 1944. Photograph »

Axis leaders Adolf Hitler and Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini meet in Munich, Germany, 1940. Photograph »

During a visit to Germany, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini (back to camera) speaks with (left to right): SS chief Heinrich Himmler; Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels; and Nazi governor of Poland Hans Frank. Germany, 1941. Photograph »

Jewish inmates in their barracks at the Italian concentration camp Ferramonti di Tarsia. Italy, between 1940 and 1943. Photograph »

The New Synagogue in Trieste, opened in 1912 and desecrated by the Nazis on July 18, 1942. Trieste, Italy, July 18, 1942. Photograph »

Jewish women and children from Yugoslavia arrive at the camp on Rab island. The Italians concentrated Jews on Rab, which protected them from the Germans. Rab, Yugoslavia, summer 1943. Photograph »

Portrait of a boarding school class in which a Jewish boy was hidden. Rome, Italy, 1943-1944. Photograph »

An Italian Jew who survived the war by disguising himself as a priest and living in the Vatican from October 1943 to June 1944. A number of Jews were able to seek refuge in religious houses throughout Rome, including in the Vatican. Rome, Italy, 1943-1944. Photograph »

False identity card of Jewish partisan Vittorio Finzi, issued in the name of Vittorio Rossi. Italy, wartime. Photograph »

Rota Rosani, a former school teacher who joined the Italian armed resistance immediately upon the German occupation of Italy. She was killed near Verona on September 17, 1944, when her unit was surrounded. Trieste, Italy, before 1943. Photograph »

A building in Rome used as Gestapo (secret state police) headquarters during the German occupation. This photograph was taken after US forces liberated the city. Rome, Italy, June 1944. Photograph »

Jewish youth at the "HaRishona" (The First) Zionist training center construct a fishing boat. They are preparing for emigration to Palestine. Fano, Italy, 1946. Photograph »