Bulgarian leader Bogdan Filov (standing) and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop (seated, center) during the signing of the Tripartite Pact. This treaty formally aligned Bulgaria with the Axis powers. Vienna, Austria, March 1, 1941. Photograph »

Joseph Levi, a pharmacist and the head of the Jewish community of Komotine, wearing the compulsory Jewish badge. Bulgarian occupation authorities later deported him to Treblinka. Komotine, Greece, 1942. Photograph »

Norbert Yasharoff, a Bulgarian Jew, wearing the compulsory star of David. His sister, under ten years old, is not required to wear a star. Pleven, Bulgaria, between May and September 1943. Photograph »

Deportation of Jews from Skopje, the concentration point where Jews from Bulgaria, Greece, and Yugoslavia remained for about 20 days en route to the Treblinka extermination camp. Yugoslavia, March 1943. Photograph »

Jews in Bulgarian-occupied Macedonia are rounded up for deportation. Bulgarian authorities held them first in a camp in Skopje, then deported them to the Treblinka extermination camp in German-occupied Poland. Macedonia, March 1943. Photograph »

Jews from Bulgarian-occupied Macedonia and Thrace during deportation. They were sent to the Danube River port of Lom and then to Treblinka in German-occupied Poland by way of Vienna. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 11-31, 1943. Photograph »

Bulgarian authorities round up Jews in occupied Macedonia for deportation. They were first held in a camp in Skopje and then deported to the Treblinka extermination camp in German-occupied Poland. Yugoslavia, March 1943. Photograph »

Jews from Bulgarian-occupied Macedonia and Thrace during deportation to Lom from the "Monopol" tobacco factory (used as a transit camp). They were sent to Vienna and then to the Treblinka camp. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 11-31, 1943. Photograph »

Aleksander Belev, Bulgarian commissioner for Jewish Affairs (center, wearing hat and facing the camera), oversees the deportation of Jews. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943. Photograph »

Jews outside the "Monopol" tobacco factory, used as a transit camp by Bulgarian authorities during deportations from Macedonia and Thrace to the Treblinka camp in German-occupied Poland. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 11-31, 1943. Photograph »

Jews prepare soup outside the "Monopol" tobacco factory, used as a transit camp by Bulgarian authorities during deportations of Jews from Macedonia and Thrace. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 11-31, 1943. Photograph »

Jews forced to board a train to the Danube River port of Lom, from where they were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp during the Bulgarian deportations from Macedonia and Thrace. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 11-31, 1943. Photograph »

Deportation of Jews by Bulgarian occupation authorities. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943. Photograph »

Deportation of Jews by Bulgarian authorities. Lom, Bulgaria, March 1943. Photograph »

Jews forced to board ships in the Danube River port of Lom during deportations from Bulgarian-occupied territories. They were deported, through Vienna, to the Treblinka camp in German-occupied Poland. Lom, Bulgaria, March 11-31, 1943. Photograph »

Deportation of Jews by Bulgarian authorities from occupied territories in Greece and Yugoslavia. Jews were transported along the Danube River to Vienna and then by rail to the Treblinka extermination camp. Lom, Bulgaria, March 1943. Photograph »

Jews being deported from Bulgarian-occupied Macedonia and Thrace aboard the barge "Karadorde." The boat later sank on the Danube River en route to Vienna. Lom, Bulgaria, March 11-31, 1943. Photograph »