A German postcard showing the entrance to the Lodz ghetto. The sign reads "Jewish residential area—entry forbidden." Lodz, Poland, 1940-1941. Photograph »

Poverty in the ghetto: residents wait for soup at a public kitchen. Lodz ghetto, Poland, between 1940 and 1944. Photograph »

Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski (with white hair) and SS chief Heinrich Himmler on Himmler's first visit to the Lodz ghetto. Lodz, Poland, June 5, 1941. Photograph »

Jews deported from Germany and Austria march towards the Lodz ghetto. Lodz, Poland, October 1941. Photograph »

Jews carrying their possessions during deportation to the Chelmno extermination camp. Most of the people seen here had previously been deported to Lodz from central Europe. Lodz, Poland, between January and April 1942. Photograph »

Jews deported to the Lodz ghetto. Poland, 1941 or 1942. Photograph »

Deportation of Jewish children from the Lodz ghetto, Poland, during the "Gehsperre" Aktion, September 1942. Photograph »

Jews, mostly children, proceed on horse-drawn wagons to assembly points for deportation. They are guarded by the Jewish police. Lodz ghetto, Poland, during the "Gehsperre" Aktion, September 5-12, 1942. Photograph »

German police raid a vandalized Jewish home in the Lodz ghetto. Lodz, Poland, ca. 1942. Photograph »

Jews from the Lodz ghetto are forced to transfer to a narrow-gauge railroad at Kolo during deportation to the Chelmno extermination camp. Kolo, Poland, probably 1942. Photograph »

Jewish children forced to haul a wagon. Lodz ghetto, Poland, wartime. Photograph »

Jews at forced labor, transporting excrement down a ghetto street. Lodz ghetto, Poland, wartime. Photograph »

Motto of Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, chairman of the Lodz ghetto Jewish council: "Our only path [to survival] is [through] work." Lodz, Poland, wartime. Photograph »

Ghetto residents, wearing mandatory yellow stars, at forced labor in a clothing factory. Lodz ghetto, Poland, 1941. Photograph »

Jewish women at forced labor in a sewing workshop. Lodz ghetto, Poland, between 1940 and 1944. Photograph »

Gypsy camp in the Lodz ghetto. Poland, 1941–1944. Photograph »

Deportation of Jews from the Lodz ghetto. Poland, August 1944. Photograph »