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SPECS: xxvii + 834 pp., 6” x 9”, 18 b&w illust., 17 figs., 15 tables, notes, biblio., index
PUB DATE: 2008

KIND: Hardcover
ISBN-13: 978-0-299-20790-8
ISBN-10: 0-299-20790-0
PRICE: $95.00

PUBLISHED BY: The University of Wisconsin Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum


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KIND: Paperback
ISBN-13: 978-0-299-20794-6
ISBN-10: 0-299-20794-3
PRICE: $39.95


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Between Resistance and Martyrdom: Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Third Reich

By Detlef Garbe
Translated by Dagmar G. Grimm


Between Resistance and Martyrdom is the most comprehensive historical study of the persecution of Jehovah’s Witnesses – men, women, and children -- during the Holocaust era. Refusing to swear allegiance to the state or to perform military service or war work of any sort under the Third Reich, Jehovah’s Witnesses received the attention of the highest authorities in the justice system, the police, and the SS.

Although persecuted and banned from practicing their beliefs by the Nazi regime in 1933, the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ unified resistance is not well known. Basing his work on a wide range of sources, including documents and archives previously unconsidered as well as critical analyses of Jehovah’s Witness literature and survivor interviews, Detlef Garbe chronicles the Nazis’ relentless persecution of this religious group before and during World War II.

The English-language edition of this important work features photographs not published in the German edition. These striking images bring a sense of individual humanity to this story and help readers comprehend the reality of the events documented. Between Resistance and Martyrdom is an indispensable work that will introduce an English-speaking audience to this important but lesser-known part of Holocaust history.

“...Can be considered the first comprehensive historiography of the fate of the Jehovah’s Witnesses in Germany during the Nazi regime. Based on war records and complemented by interviews with JW survivors of concentration camps, the author presents an exhaustive episode of religious persecution...Laudable and painstaking research, which at some points poignantly demythologizes the Watchtower Society’s own official historiography...This study deserves the status of standard work of a still conspicuously visible religious movement.”
— Richard Singelenberg, Sociology of Religion

“Virtually all accounts of the German Church Struggle (including my own) have given very little attention to the Jehovah’s Witnesses, possibly because of denominational bias, or because the numbers involved were relatively few. But this defect has now been splendidly remedied by the appearance of Detlef Garbe’s...book.... Garbe’s excellent history…is the first full treatment of this small [group’s] fate during the Nazi period, combining extensive research into the remaining Nazi records with a sympathetic analysis of survivors’ testimonies. The result is a convincing scholarly description which supersedes all previous accounts.”
— John. S. Conway, author of The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933-45

“Detlef Garbe’s book takes historical scholarship to new levels of subtlety and sophistication. His insights into the moral and legal resistance mounted by the Witnesses against the Nazis both inside and outside concentration camps are pathbreaking and provocative. All students of persecuted religious minorities are greatly in his debt for bringing to light so much fresh evidence concerning the role of Jehovah’s Witnesses in resisting National Socialism. This is historical investigation of the highest importance and quality.”
— James A. Beckford, author of The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah’s Witnesses

Table of Contents

 
List of Illustrations
vii
 
Translator’s Note
xi
 
Preface to the German Edition
xv
 
Preface to the English Edition
xix
 
Abbreviations
xxiii
 
Introduction
3
I:
The International Bible Students Association
 
1
The IBSA’s Beginnings, 1874-1918
29
2
Teachings of the Denomination
33
3
Development and Expansion in the German Reich, 1918-33
44
II:
Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Third Reich, 1933-34
 
4
Efforts to Adapt to National Circumstances, 1933
71
5
The Watch Tower Society, 1933-35
92
6
Judicial Conflict and Freedom of Religion
119
III:
Nonconformist Behavior and State Repression of Jehovah’s Witnesses
 
7
Intensification of the Conflict
139
8
Instruments of Persecution
149
9
Escalating Persecution
169
IV:
Self-Assertion of Jehovah’s Witnesses until 1939
 
10
Courageous Conviction and Covert Measures
207
11
Organized Resistance Activities
224
12
Jurisdictional Conflicts between the Legal Authorities and Police
251
V:
Jehovah’s Witnesses during the War Years
 
13
Reorganization of Regional Resistance
319
14
Conscientious Objection
349
15
Prisoners with the “Purple Patch”
394
16
Jehovah’s Witnesses at the Neuengamme Concentration Camp
459
VI:
Conclusion
 
17
Intensity of the Persecution
477
18
Case Study: The IBSA in Hamburg
485
19
Social Refusal and Resistance
500
 
Epilogue
529
 
Notes
543
 
Bibliography
753
 
Index
793

 

Detlef Garbe is director of the Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, and the author of numerous publications about the history of the concentration camps, Jehovah’s witnesses, other victim groups, military justice and Germany’s postwar confrontations with the National Socialist past.

Dagmar G. Grimm is a native of Bremen, Germany, who now lives in the United States. Her work as a translator and editor includes other publications on the persecution of Jehovah’s Witnesses under the Nazi regime as well as under communist rule in East Germany.