Johanna Gerechter Neumann

Born 1930, Hamburg, Germany

Amid intensifying anti-Jewish measures and the 1938 Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") pogrom, Johanna's family decided to leave Germany. They obtained visas for Albania, crossed into Italy, and sailed in 1939. They remained in Albania under the Italian occupation and, after Italy surrendered in 1943, under German occupation. The family was liberated after a battle between the Germans and Albanian partisans in December 1944.

Describes the destruction of synagogues during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass" pogrom).

Hanne Hirsch Liebmann

Born 1924, Karlsruhe, Germany

Hanne's family owned a photographic studio. In October 1940, she and other family members were deported to the Gurs camp in southern France. In September 1941, the Children's Aid Society (OSE) rescued Hanne and she hid in a children's home in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon. Her mother perished in Auschwitz. In 1943, Hanne obtained false papers and crossed into Switzerland. She married in Geneva in 1945 and had a daughter in 1946. In 1948, she arrived in the United States.

Describes the effects of Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass" pogrom).

Dora Unger

Inge Auerbacher