The Nuremburg Laws of 1935 defined Jews not by their religion or by how they wanted to identify themselves but by racial criteria. According to the Nazi categorization, a “Jew” had at least three Jewish grandparents. A person with two Jewish grandparents also was categorized as a Jew if he belonged to a Jewish congregation or was married to a Jew. A “Half-Jew” was defined as a person with one or two Jewish grandparents.